This work has discovered the reasons behind the workings of our universe by identifying the missing link that our great scientists recognised and are still seeking. The work does not dismissthe work done until nowto progress physics and cosmology to a level where modern day technology has been developed however, this work does ascertain that there is a deeper reason for matterto behave the way it doesin our observable universe; motion of matter, gravitational forces, quantum behaviour, Dark matter, Dark Energy all have a single reason behind them which causes them to behave in a certain way which has become difficult for current human understanding to explain. This work is the child of multiple thought experiments that led to the discovery of a universal law that all matter, or groups of matter, follow. When this universal law was applied to every state of matter or group of matter, the mathematics behind the workings of the universe emerged naturally and logically. This research was conducted to elevate current human understanding of the workings of the universe and to provide reasonsfor many unexplained phenomena in our cosmos, like wave-particle duality, dark energy, dark matter, black holes, etc. The universal law, when represented in mathematical form and derived from current understanding of gravitational force, kinetic energy, rest mass energy, etc., explicitly gives rise to a larger scale mathematical representation which matches the observations made by humans, but couldn’t explain them and had to develop new theoretical frameworks to be able to explain those observations. The Universal law, however, links the classical gravity to higher-order forces present in our cosmos without needing a reason for bringing in unexplained dark matter/ dark energy phenomena. And accurately provides explanations and reasoning behind black holes and quantum behavior.

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Newton’s laws of motion (NLM) and Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity (STR) form the conceptual backbone of classical and modern physics, respectively. Despite their extensive empirical success, both frameworks are typically formulated without explicit consideration of thermodynamic constraints such as temperature evolution, system openness, and energy dissipation. This work investigates the thermodynamic consistency of NLM and STR by analytically examining their foundational equations under closed, open, and adiabatic system conditions using established principles from classical mechanics, kinetic theory of gases, and thermodynamics. The analysis demonstrates that Newton’s equations of motion implicitly assume constant acceleration and unbounded time evolution, which, when applied to open systems, violate energy conservation and imply behaviour akin to perpetual motion. By explicitly incorporating temperature as a dynamical variable and recognising its intrinsic coupling to time, modified equations of motion are derived for closed thermodynamic systems. These equations retain the functional form of Newtonian relations but introduce a bounded temperature increment, ΔT, thereby ensuring compliance with the first and second laws of thermodynamics and preventing divergence in velocity, displacement, or work. A similar thermodynamic examination of STR is conducted, focusing on relativistic length contraction, time dilation, and the mass–energy relation E = mc2 . When interpreted in terms of macroscopic or open systems, these relations imply the simultaneous divergence of mass and energy at high velocities, thereby contradicting conservation principles. However, when reformulated for isolated or adiabatic ideal-gas systems, analogous relativistic relationships emerge naturally from mechanical compression and temperature variation, without requiring inertial-frame abstractions or unphysical infinities. The study further demonstrates that the traditional interpretation of E = mc2 as unrestricted mass–energy interconvertibility is thermodynamically inconsistent. Instead, the equation is shown to represent the mechanical work required to accelerate a mass toward relativistic speeds within a finite time, thereby highlighting the physical impossibility of reaching the speed of light for finite-energy systems. Overall, this work establishes that both NLM and STR remain conditionally valid only within restricted thermodynamic domains. By explicitly incorporating temperature, system boundaries, and energy conservation, the analysis clarifies the physical limits of these foundational theories and provides a thermodynamically consistent reinterpretation of classical and relativistic dynamics.

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Predicting the relative roles of gravitational collapse and stellar feedback in star formation within extreme, low-density environments—such as the tidal tails produced by galaxy mergers—remains a fundamental challenge. These environments provide unique natural laboratories for testing star formation theories under conditions analogous to the early universe. However, existing models often fail to reconcile large-scale gravitational dynamics with localized feedback processes in such diffuse media. To bridge this gap, a reproducible, open-sciencebased theoretical framework is presented that integrates public, multi-wavelength observational datasets with high-resolution **resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)** simulations. Our methodology is built on archival data from three flagship observatories: the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which is used to study young stellar populations and newly formed clusters. This telescope provides high-resolution infrared imaging and spectroscopy, enabling precise measurements of stellar ages, masses, and dust extinction. – Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA): used to trace cold molecular gas and analyze kinematic structures. These public datasets are used as quantitative constraints in resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations that incorporate magnetic fields, radiative cooling, sub-grid star formation, and stellar feedback, ensuring that the simulation results remain consistent with observational reality. Using the open-source code **PLUTO**, we model the formation of tidal structures while resolving key plasma physics, including **localized resistivity** to capture magnetic reconnection effects. “Synthetic observations” are directly generated from simulation outputs using radiative transfer post-processing, enabling point-by-point comparison with real data. To rigorously quantify agreement between model and observation, we implement a **Bayesian inference framework** that propagates observational uncertainties and yields posterior constraints on key parameters (e.g., magnetic field strength, feedback coupling efficiency). Through this integrated pipeline, the aim is to determine whether star formation efficiency in lowdensity tails is regulated by gravitational confinement from tidal compression or by localized feedback. Expected outcomes include quantitative estimates of virial stability parameters for observed gas complexes, spatial correlation analyses to gauge feedback coupling efficiency, and statistically robust constraints on uncertain model parameters. This framework is fully reproducible: all data are public, simulation codes are opensource, and analysis scripts will be archived with a DOI upon acceptance. By transparently linking theory and observation, this approach provides a methodological blueprint for studying star formation in interacting systems, with direct implications for galaxy evolution models and future observational strategies.

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Understanding how energy is transported in hot, magnetized plasmas surrounding galaxies remains a central challenge in astrophysics. While turbulence and magnetic reconnection have been widely studied, the role of entropy gradients has typically been treated as passive. In this work, we demonstrate—using high-resolution three-dimensional resistive magnetohydrodynamic (RMHD) simulations of AGN jet feedback in the elliptical galaxy NGC 720—that entropy gradients actively organize plasma dynamics and drive anisotropic energy dissipation. We introduce a novel diagnostic, the Normalized Entropy Gradient (NEG), defined as N(mathbf{r}) = frac {l_0 |nabla S|} {S_0}, tag {1} where S = k_ {rm B} T n_e^ {-2/3} is the specific entropy. Our simulations reveal coherent vortical structures strongly aligned with magnetic field lines, quantified by an alignment parameter mathcal{A} = 0.76 pm 0.07 (corresponding to a mean angle of 28^circ pm 4^circ). This alignment is sustained only when anisotropic thermal conduction (Braginskii model) and localized resistivity are included in the total pressure relation P_ {rm tot} = P_ {rm gas} + |mathbf{B}|^2/2. We identify the underlying mechanism as Gradient-Driven Anisotropic Dissipation (GDAD), wherein entropy gradients preferentially channel energy along magnetic field lines via field-aligned heat flux and localized Ohmic dissipation. The energy budget shows thermal energy dominates (3.2 pm 0.3 times 10^ {59} erg), but magnetic (0.9 pm 0.1 times 10^ {59} erg) and kinetic components (1.1 pm 0.2 times 10^ {59} erg) play critical roles in sustaining anisotropy. Our results reproduce multi-wavelength signatures observed by Chandra (ObsID: 318) and VLA radio data within uncertainties, and GDAD provides testable predictions for future X-ray missions such as XRISM and Athena. All simulation data and analysis scripts will be publicly archived with a persistent DOI upon acceptance, ensuring full reproducibility. This work establishes, for the first time, that entropy gradients are primary drivers—not passive tracers—in the self-organization of astrophysical plasmas via the GDAD feedback loop.

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The fine structure constant variation as a function of the electromagnetic interaction strength is investigated and shown to evolve from the canonical standard 1/137 to 1 at distances of the order of the classical electron radius, i.e. at a typical strong interaction value. This confirms the outcome at Planck scales, but it happens even later in the Universe’s evolution, closer to the present time, although it will also be experimentally unattainable. The result is simply derived by imposing quantum effects, i.e. the Compton wavelength at the classical electron radius, in analogy with the procedure by which the corresponding Compton wavelength constrains the Schwarzschild radius.

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